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Compare Heard Island and McDonald Islands (2007) - Tonga (2004)

Compare Heard Island and McDonald Islands (2007) z Tonga (2004)

 Heard Island and McDonald Islands (2007)Tonga (2004)
 Heard Island and McDonald IslandsTonga
Administrative divisions - 3 island groups; Ha'apai, Tongatapu, Vava'u
Age structure - 0-14 years: 37.1% (male 20,873; female 20,050)


15-64 years: 58.7% (male 32,018; female 32,707)


65 years and over: 4.2% (male 2,005; female 2,584) (2004 est.)
Agriculture - products - squash, coconuts, copra, bananas, vanilla beans, cocoa, coffee, ginger, black pepper; fish
Airports - 6 (2003 est.)
Airports - with paved runways - total: 1


2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 (2004 est.)
Airports - with unpaved runways - total: 5


1,524 to 2,437 m: 1


914 to 1,523 m: 3


under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)
Area total: 412 sq km


land: 412 sq km


water: 0 sq km		 total: 748 sq km


land: 718 sq km


water: 30 sq km
Area - comparative slightly more than two times the size of Washington, DC four times the size of Washington, DC
Background These uninhabited, barren, sub-Antarctic islands were transferred from the UK to Australia in 1947. Populated by large numbers of seal and bird species, the islands have been designated a nature preserve. The archipelago of "The Friendly Islands" was united into a Polynesian kingdom in 1845. It became a constitutional monarchy in 1875 and a British protectorate in 1900. Tonga acquired its independence in 1970 and became a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. It remains the only monarchy in the Pacific.
Birth rate - 24.87 births/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Budget - revenues: $39.9 million


expenditures: $52.4 million, including capital expenditures of $1.9 million (FY99/00 est.)
Capital - Nuku'alofa
Climate antarctic tropical; modified by trade winds; warm season (December to May), cool season (May to December)
Coastline 101.9 km 419 km
Constitution - 4 November 1875, revised 1 January 1967
Country name conventional long form: Territory of Heard Island and McDonald Islands


conventional short form: Heard Island and McDonald Islands


abbreviation: HIMI		 conventional long form: Kingdom of Tonga


conventional short form: Tonga


former: Friendly Islands
Currency - pa'anga (TOP)
Death rate - 5.45 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Debt - external - $63.4 million (2001)
Dependency status territory of Australia; administered from Canberra by the Australian Antarctic Division of the Department of the Environment and Heritage -
Diplomatic representation from the US none (territory of Australia) the US does not have an embassy in Tonga; the ambassador to Fiji is accredited to Tonga
Diplomatic representation in the US none (territory of Australia) chief of mission: Ambassador Sonatane T. T. TUPOU


chancery: 250 East 51st Street, New York, NY 10022


telephone: [1] (917) 369-1025


FAX: [1] (917) 369-1024


consulate(s) general: San Francisco
Disputes - international none none
Economic aid - recipient - Australia $5.5 million, New Zealand $2.3 million (FY01/02)
Economy - overview The islands have no indigenous economic activity, but the Australian Government allows limited fishing in the surrounding waters. Tonga, a small, open, South Pacific island economy, has a narrow export base in agricultural goods. Squash, coconuts, bananas, and vanilla beans are the main crops, and agricultural exports make up two-thirds of total exports. The country must import a high proportion of its food, mainly from New Zealand. Tourism is the second-largest source of hard currency earnings following remittances. The country remains dependent on external aid and remittances from Tongan communities overseas to offset its trade deficit. The government is emphasizing the development of the private sector, especially the encouragement of investment, and is committing increased funds for health and education. Tonga has a reasonably sound basic infrastructure and well-developed social services. High unemployment among the young and the continuing upturn in inflation are major issues facing the government.
Electricity - consumption - 25.36 million kWh (2001)
Electricity - exports - 0 kWh (2001)
Electricity - imports - 0 kWh (2001)
Electricity - production - 27.27 million kWh (2001)
Elevation extremes lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m


highest point: Mawson Peak, on Big Ben 2,745 m		 lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m


highest point: unnamed location on Kao Island 1,033 m
Environment - current issues NA deforestation results as more and more land is being cleared for agriculture and settlement; some damage to coral reefs from starfish and indiscriminate coral and shell collectors; overhunting threatens native sea turtle populations
Environment - international agreements - party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution


signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Ethnic groups - Polynesian, Europeans about 300
Exchange rates - pa'anga per US dollar - NA (2003), 2.1952 (2002), 2.1236 (2001), 1.7585 (2000), 1.5991 (1999)
Executive branch - chief of state: King Taufa'ahau TUPOU IV (since 16 December 1965)


head of government: Prime Minister Prince Lavaka ata ULUKALALA (since NA February 2000) and Deputy Prime Minister James C. COCKER (since NA January 2001)


cabinet: Cabinet, appointed by the monarch, consists of 12 members


note: there is also a Privy Council that consists of the monarch, the Cabinet, and two governors


elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; prime minister and deputy prime minister appointed for life by the monarch
Exports - NA (2001)
Exports - commodities - squash, fish, vanilla beans, root crops
Exports - partners - US 50%, Japan 35.7%, Italy 3.6% (2003)
Fiscal year - 1 July - 30 June
Flag description the flag of Australia is used red with a bold red cross on a white rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner
GDP - purchasing power parity - $236 million (2001 est.)
GDP - composition by sector - agriculture: 26%


industry: 12%


services: 62% (2002 est.)
GDP - per capita - purchasing power parity - $2,200 (2001 est.)
GDP - real growth rate - 3% (2001 est.)
Geographic coordinates 53 06 S, 72 31 E 20 00 S, 175 00 W
Geography - note - archipelago of 169 islands (36 inhabited)
Highways - total: 680 km


paved: 184 km


unpaved: 496 km (1999 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share - lowest 10%: NA


highest 10%: NA
Imports - NA (2001)
Imports - commodities - foodstuffs, machinery and transport equipment, fuels, chemicals
Imports - partners - New Zealand 43.4%, Fiji 22.2%, Australia 11.1%, US 6.1% (2003)
Independence - 4 June 1970 (from UK protectorate)
Industrial production growth rate - 8.6% (FY98/99)
Industries - tourism, fishing
Infant mortality rate - total: 12.99 deaths/1,000 live births


male: 14.36 deaths/1,000 live births


female: 11.54 deaths/1,000 live births (2004 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) - 10.3% (2002 est.)
International organization participation - ACP, AsDB, C, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, ITU, OPCW, PIF, Sparteca, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTrO (observer)
Irrigated land 0 sq km NA sq km
Judicial branch - Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the monarch); Court of Appeal (consists of the Privy Council with the addition of the chief justice of the Supreme Court)
Labor force - 33,910 (1996)
Labor force - by occupation - agriculture 65% (1997 est.)
Land boundaries 0 km 0 km
Land use arable land: 0%


permanent crops: 0%


other: 100% (2005)		 arable land: 23.61%


permanent crops: 43.06%


other: 33.33% (2001)
Languages - Tongan, English
Legal system the laws of Australia, where applicable, apply based on English law
Legislative branch - unicameral Legislative Assembly or Fale Alea (30 seats - 12 reserved for cabinet ministers sitting ex officio, nine for nobles selected by the country's 33 nobles, and nine elected by popular vote; members serve three-year terms)


elections: last held 7 March 2002 (next to be held NA 2005)


election results: percent of vote - HRDMT 70%; seats - HRDMT 7, traditionalist 2
Life expectancy at birth - total population: 69.2 years


male: 66.74 years


female: 71.79 years (2004 est.)
Literacy - definition: can read and write Tongan and/or English


total population: 98.5%


male: 98.4%


female: 98.7% (1996 est.)
Location islands in the Indian Ocean, about two-thirds of the way from Madagascar to Antarctica Oceania, archipelago in the South Pacific Ocean, about two-thirds of the way from Hawaii to New Zealand
Map references Antarctic Region Oceania
Maritime claims territorial sea: 12 nm


exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm		 territorial sea: 12 nm


exclusive economic zone: 200 nm


continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation
Merchant marine - total: 40 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 136,977 GRT/200,751 DWT


by type: bulk 3, cargo 21, chemical tanker 2, container 1, liquefied gas 4, petroleum tanker 5, refrigerated cargo 1, roll on/roll off 1, specialized tanker 1, vehicle carrier 1


foreign-owned: Albania 1, Australia 4, Brazil 1, Cyprus 1, Egypt 1, Greece 1, Lebanon 1, Liberia 1, Marshall Islands 1, Norway 1, Panama 2, Romania 1, Russia 1, Saudi Arabia 1, Switzerland 3, Syria 1, United (2004 est.)
Military - note defense is the responsibility of Australia; Australia conducts fisheries patrols -
Military branches - Tonga Defense Services: Ground Forces (Royal Marines, Royal Guard), Maritime Force (including Air Wing)
Military expenditures - dollar figure - NA
Military expenditures - percent of GDP - NA
National holiday - Independence Day, 4 June (1970)
Nationality - noun: Tongan(s)


adjective: Tongan
Natural hazards Mawson Peak, an active volcano, is on Heard Island cyclones (October to April); earthquakes and volcanic activity on Fonuafo'ou
Natural resources fish fish, fertile soil
Net migration rate - 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Political parties and leaders - there are no political parties
Political pressure groups and leaders - Human Rights and Democracy Movement Tonga or HRDMT [Rev. Simote VEA, chair]
Population uninhabited 110,237 (July 2004 est.)
Population below poverty line - NA
Population growth rate - 1.94% (2004 est.)
Ports and harbors - Neiafu, Nuku'alofa, Pangai
Radio broadcast stations - AM 1, FM 2, shortwave 1 (2001)
Religions - Christian (Free Wesleyan Church claims over 30,000 adherents)
Sex ratio - at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female


under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female


15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female


65 years and over: 0.78 male(s)/female


total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2004 est.)
Suffrage - 21 years of age; universal
Telephone system - general assessment: NA


domestic: NA


international: country code - 676; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean) (1996)
Telephones - main lines in use - 11,200 (2002)
Telephones - mobile cellular - 3,400 (2002)
Television broadcast stations - 2 (2001)
Terrain Heard Island - 80% ice-covered, bleak and mountainous, dominated by a large massif (Big Ben) and an active volcano (Mawson Peak); McDonald Islands - small and rocky most islands have limestone base formed from uplifted coral formation; others have limestone overlying volcanic base
Total fertility rate - 3 children born/woman (2004 est.)
Unemployment rate - 13.3% (1996 est.)
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